Environmental Science 62: lecture 1

Environmental Science 62: lecture 1 - Introduction

Reading: Cunningham, Chapters 1-2

Handouts: grad= ing, exam types

= office hours

= text: keeler

= Lectures: much material not in book

Course Organiz= ation:

Scie= nce background - what are organisms, chemical, evolution

= &nb= sp; - how is environment organized

= &nb= sp; - resources

= &nb= sp; - pollution

= &nb= sp; - approaches; economic, psychological, = &nb= sp; = political

The Issue=

Meadows: club of Rome reports

= Bandaids vs major societal reorganization

Reasons for op= timism

1. never knew so much<= o:p>

2. never had more capa= bility to solve

3. catastrophies start= small

4. little lost yet

5. self interest<= /o:p>

6. world concern.=

Environment= al Science 62: lecture 2 - Organisms as chemicals

Reading: Cunningham, chapter 1-2

1. The three important chemicals:

DNA; genet= ic material, components, shape

= abilities: code, replicate, mutate

= repair molecules

protein: 1= ,2,3,4 structure - how made, folded

= types: structura= l,

= &nb= sp; functional; enzymes- lock and key

= &nb= sp; (vitamins =3D coenzymes body can't make)

control molecules; control use of DNA

All dep= end on shape for function

2. Implication= s of shape

Mutation - change in shape

= chemical, radiation

= threshold effect/ statistical death

mimicry - CO C02, strontium- calcium , hallucinogens,

= poisons; competative vs irreversible.

Environment= al Science 62: lecture 3 - How chemicals work (cont.)

Reading: Cunningham, chapt. 1-2

More features = of how chemicals can work

1. Synergism

= drug, alcohol aversion, smoking and asbestos

2. Timing; thalidomide,

3. dosage; body breakdown rate - vitamin C

= strichnine, vitamin A

4. Cumulative effects; DDT and fat storage.

5. Delayed Eff= ects; D.E.S., asbestos

Implications:<= o:p>

How do you test a new drug/ = food additive?

U.S. vs U.S.S.R. policy - pr= oof of harm vs proof of good.

Delaney Clause: recent chang= es. what does significant mean?

Environment= al Science 62: lecture 4 - Organisms and Evolutions

Reading: Cunningham, chap 4, 70-

1. Evolution: the mechanism

= Fact vs theory

= how to disprove fact; fossil record, dating

= Darwin's theory; overreproduction + constant pop size

= &nb= sp; significant death+ variation

= &nb= sp; survival of fittest+ env. change

= = &nb= sp; evolution

= &nb= sp; example; fish and predators.

= origin of variation; mutation, sex

= maintenance of variation; recessives,

= Life cannot exist without evolution

= limits of chemicals

= change of world <= /o:p>

2. Implication= s of evolution

- all alik= e - all different

= problems of forgetting this; DDT, penecillin, = &nb= sp; = milk, marijuana.

= drug testing: how to do it safely?

- everythi= ng you see is there for a purpose. is this true?

= vestigial structures, mutants,

= why dont we have bigger brains?

- can you = become perfect?

= lungfish

= the red queen/ target size.

= mutation rate; disease vs humans.

= survivability ; worms vs humans. = &nb= sp; =

- eugenics= - can we make better people?

= good genes, bad genes.

- is evolu= tion predictable? is the future predictable?

Environment= al Science 62: lecture 5 - Evolution- Speciation

Reading: Cunni= ngham, Chapter 4.

1. Species definition

2. Species structure<= /span>

&= nbsp; clinal variation

&= nbsp; causes of range limits

&= nbsp; genetic structure of species

3. The speciat= ion process

&= nbsp; isolating mechanisms-- artificial and natural

&= nbsp; genetic

&= nbsp; behavioral

geographic

&= nbsp; sibling species

&= nbsp; Founder Principle

4. The process of speciation = as an inevitable result of the

Nature of DNA and Environmen= tal Change

5. What happen= s when contact is reestablished?

breed--don't breed

compete--don't compete

if competition (Gause's Principle)

&= nbsp; extinction-- competitive exclusion.

&= nbsp; resource partitioning-- character displacement

6. Definition = of Niche; actual and potential

**************= ****************************************************

Environment= al Science 62: lecture 6 - Implications of Species

1. Generalists= vs specialists

when is each best. Island forms

2. Numbers of Individuals within a species

- what determines range limits

- what determines population size

= carrying capacity. r vs K species

= leidig's law of the minimum

3. What determ= ines Numbers of species

- isolating mechanisms

- stabilit= y

- temperat= e vs tropics.

4. Is the world full?? Must there be competition?

Division of energy.

mold vs man and strawberries= .

target size =3D influenza.

Environment= al Science 62: Lecture 7; Ecology:Organization of Nature = &nb= sp; = &nb= sp;Cunningham;3-6

1. Plant Communities: basis of ecosystems

Merriam: Mt Lemo= n

= basis, water, temperature

= naming: most obvious plants

= definition of a community

= organisms living together or

= organisms interacting?

= ranges of individual species

= Uniqueness of each spot: effect on predictability<= /p>

= basic concept: communities are human constructs, = designed to organize information. As such, they can = change. How many plant communities in California?<= /p>

2. Plant Succe= ssion

= description: chaparral, ponderosa

= primary, pioneer, climax communities;

= dominance =3D climax community; who wins.

= fire and flood as natural events

= when is a fire bad?

= flood prevention: nile river. local rivers.

= jungle succession - one tree at a time.

3. World biome= s

Holdrige classification.

4. Invasions:<= o:p>

similar conditio= ns =3D possibility of survival.

= survival depends on: physical conditions

= &nb= sp; : biotic - predators, fitting in

**************= ***************************************************

Environment= al Science 62:lecture 8- Ecology:Interactions of Species

1. Interactions within Communities.

food chains: predator-prey,

= = numbers at each step; numbers, biomass, calories

= 10% efficiency?

= suburban food chains - pets

= decomposers

= biomagnification

food webs :dynam= ic shape - changes with seasons, individuals

= keystone species -

= generalist vs specialist

Nutrient cycling: material cycling. - use of air, water, land

= as part of the cycles.

Interdependence = of All systems; through air and water.

Disruption (fire, etc.) can lead to complexity.

Environment= al Science 62:lecture 9- Resources -

Resources; introduction

renewable - non-renewable; definitions

Renewable: "crop" or managed vs unmanaged.

Managed =3D farmed.<= /b>

Typical crops: agriculture, forests, chickens

        attempts to increase base level =3D farming

        = concentrate.

        = eliminate competition: cows and coyotes

        =             &nb= sp;            diseases, insects.

        = make harvest, manipulation, easier.; rows, uniform age,        =           etc.

   Problems with monoculture: b= ig target.

        = tree farm.

        = brazil nuts ; farming the rain forest.

Unmanaged =3D natural system.

    Take from wild, no att= empt to replace or farm. Rely on natural         increase.

    Sustained yield =3D ha= rvesting the annual production. can do on        =             &nb= sp;   any level.

        =             &nb= sp;   what is harvested - deer best for species?

    Basically - a predator= prey system with humans as predators

     can you hunt to extinction? how?? - whales- secondary prey

     can animals come= back from small numbers?? - sardines,        =             &nb= sp;   anchovies

     does it pay to overuse? - yes - whales.

If done properly?     <= o:p>

     the problem with elephants. whose ivory is it.

        =      "      " seals

        =             &nb= sp; whales.

So: extinction= is possible from direct overuse.

Environment= al Science 62:lecture 10- Resources - Wildlife

        =             &nb= sp;            =             =    Cunningham, Ch 13

Wildlife and Extinction: the extinction curve.

I. Why save organisms?

     usual reasons: g= enes, ecosystem collapse(diversity =3D        =             &nb= sp;         stability), native people, env. indicators,        =             &nb= sp;   self interest, moral

     application: goo= d in general, bad is specifics.

II. How do you= know an organism is endangered?

         counting and kill rate.

III. Who is mo= st endangered? Who needs saving

        =    island animals, top carnivores, economic value, habitat        =      destruction, dumb, limited range, big needs, threats by        =      aliens, relict pops. human attitudes.

IV. History of Wildlife Conservation in the U.S.

       1- Economics: game laws

        =        who owns wildlife. state vs federal vs landowner.<= /p>
       2. likes-dislikes: what is liked, disliked?

        =        migratory bird act

        =        Marine mammal act



       3. S= tatus of protection in 1970.

        =         pet laws.

        =       protection =3D domesticate, transplant.

       4. M= orals: Endangered species Act.

        =

        =      provisions: nominate, investigate

        =             &nb= sp;    recovery, habitat designation

        =             &nb= sp;    no harm!!

              =            no economic considerations (God squad)

        =      Oddities: US only,

        =             &nb= sp; population, not species

        =      Funding:

        =      How the act has been used.

        =        problems; post facto approach

        =     Act renewal?? -

        =         Land owner attitude

        =            a) its mine

        =            b) don't change the rules

        =             &nb= sp;

V. World Situa= tion

         economics: poaching ; pet trade.

        =             big industry vs local people.

         ESA - how to control the market.        =

       trop= ics vs temperate areas; ranges of species,

        =             &nb= sp;            = numbers of species.

Environment= al Science 62:lecture 11- Resources - Wildlife II

VI Songbirds; neotropical migrants

      the issue; population decline

      causes : wintering vs summer areas - habitat loss in tropics.        =           cowbirds - edge effect.

        =         migration stops

        =         cats.

        =        other??? EMF's, light

VII Alien Anim= als - invasions.

    Case history: Starling=

        =           cattle egret.

    Conflicts: predictions=

        =           burros and bighorn sheep

        =           Codium and oysters

        =           bull frogs

    Causes of organism mov= ements

        = accidents: nutria in Holland

        = purposeful introductions;

        =           for pleasure

        =           for hunting

        =           for bio control!!: mongoose, tilapia

        =           for wood - eucalyptus

        = bilge,bananas, used tires.

    sensitivity of islands: Hawaii

        Polynesians

        early settlers



        current issues.

        =

Environment= al Science 62:lecture 12- Resources - Habitat Protection

        =             Cunningham - chapter 14-15



1. Rationale: = save habitat - species automatically saved.

       what= is a habitat =3D plant community; which??

2. Basis:=

      Resource

      Likes- dis= likes

      habitat inventory

3. History of = Habitat protection in U.S.

     a) exploitation = phase =3D Homstead Act of 1962, Mineral Act 1866

     b) Economic phas= e =3D

        =     National Forests 1891 - withdrawn from homesteading        =             &nb= sp; 1960 - management

        =            multiple use-sustained yield

        =             &nb= sp; cut levels

        =             &nb= sp; cut style =3D selective to clearcut

        =             &nb= sp; cut type.

        =             &nb= sp; appropriations - funding inadequacies

        =             &nb= sp; Wilderness Act 1964

        =    BLM 1934- Taylor Grazing Act.



        =

     c) Likes and Dis= likes

        =    National Parks 1916

        =        Preserve for future generations

        =         preservationist vs use arguments/ pulbic vs private         =            co= ncessions

        =    National Wildlife Refuges -

        =       combination economic and likes.

     d) Systematic ap= proach

        =    Wild Rivers Act 1968

        =             &nb= sp; 75 rivers, 7000 miles =3D .2% of 3.5 million               =             &nb= sp;            =       miles of rivers

        =             &nb= sp; how to set aside. rational vs political

        =    National Seashore Act

     e) Other approac= hes

        =    Nature Conservancy

        =    Habitat Conservation Plans.

        =        the ESA as a big stick to volunteer participation.=

Env. Science 62:lecture 13- Resources - Habitat Protection II

        =

4) Theory of H= abitat Protection

    a) Likes and Dislikes = - what areas are neglected?

    b) How much to save? <= o:p>

        =    survival curves vs area protected.

    c) shape of preserves.=

        =    Island biogeography

        =

5) World Situa= tion



        Percent set aside; tropics vs temperate areas.



        protection of parks.

        value to country of parks?

        =     tourists/ pride.

Env. Science 62:lecture 16,17- Human Population

        =             &nb= sp;            =           Cunningham, chapter 6-7

Well covered i= n book - just give you highlights

1. Historical<= o:p>

     j shaped curve

     log scale =3D 3 = major jumps.

         causes -

2. Details of population growth

      demographic transition

        = causes - deaths =3D medicine

        =            births =3D =

        =    a) world doubling times

        =    b) birth control - effectiveness

        =             cost issues - udc's

        =             availability - udc's

        =             acceptability - udc's incentives,

        =             &nb= sp;    genocide, religion, family values?&= nbsp;           &nbs= p;

        =           value in decreaseing birth rate.

        = c) child desirability

        =              age of marriage

        =              education

        =              women working

        =              rural vs urban

        =              economic status - the depression.=3Dmalthusian

3. Problems of Developed (post transition) countries

         Dependency loads

         immigration -

         sociological changes - life histories- life span

4. Problems of Undeveloped (pretransition) countries



5. Case studie= s;

      Europe - l= ow pop size at time of transition; cities can        =              absorb.-

      U.S. -

      Japan -

      china - governmental edict

      India - governmental persuasion.

      Kenya - ??

      New Guinea=

      pronatalist policies



6. World issue= s

      linkage of= UDC to DC? - GNP's-

      Ehrlich's = view - vs indifference.

Env. Science 62:lecture 19- Resources -Agriculture; pesticides

=

Cunningham, chapter 12

Some rules with Agriculture; how to increase crop yield.

1. concentrate; monoculture plantings

2. fertilizer: diminishing return curve.

        =        cost vs overuse? and runoff.

        =             organic vs inorganic!!!

3. Insect cont= rol: the issue of pesticides

     a) first control= s

        =    cultivation- weeding,

     b) second contro= ls - pesticides

        = DDT - discovery - method of action

        =         broad spectrum vs narrow spectrum

        =         properties/ insoluble, long half life.

        =         history of use

        =         history of resistance of insects.

     c) second genera= tion pesticides

        =         properties- breakdown, soluble

        =          systemic poisons, contact poisons



     d) biological co= ntrols -

              = the concept - specificity, know your enemy

        =       examples - screw worm fly

        =             &nb= sp; - hormones - caterpiller moult

        =             &nb= sp; - gypsy moth- sex trap

        =             &nb= sp; - bacterial and viral diseases

     e) Integrated co= ntrol; pesticide + biological control

4. Economics of Insect control=

        Industry view: market size,profit, patents,

        farmer view ; what causes greatest cure

        =             &nb= sp; secondary pest invasion.

        =              chan= ging due to public desire for chemical        =             &nb= sp;       free food

        DC vs UDC's - availability of methods.

5. Governmental POlicy

      Original pesticide control act; economic entitlements

      1996 act -= get rid of Delaney clause - go to negligible risk        =             &nb= sp;            =              to children

Problems: food= vs cotton pesticides

        = residue rules - wait before harvesting

        = inspection

6. Vertebrates=

        = coyotes and taste aversion.

Env. Science 62:lecture 18- Resources -Agriculture; soil

        =

Cunningham: chapter 11

Agriculture II= -

   transgenic plants and the fe= ar of super weeds.

   needs of green revolution pl= ants - vs local farmers

   distribution vs production

expanding the = area given over to Agriculture.

Soils;

   particle size,

   clay content - attracts ions=

   organic content.<= /span>

    typical Soil profile

    typical soil moisture = budget -

        =     function of irrigation

Desert Soils -=

     high evaporation= - mineralization - salt buildup

     salt flushing.

Tropical Soils= - laterites

     continuous bacte= rial action - no humus - organics

     accumulation of = iron and aluminum oxides =3D red

     loss of clay -

     effect of cleari= ng - soil bakes hard

North Temperate soils - Podzols

     lots of H20, coo= l T. Pine forests

        - accumulation of plant - poor breakdown - acid production<= /p>
        - mineral solution - loss.

Prairie soils<= o:p>

      deep humus= , h20 limited.

      salt accumulation - at depth =3D caliche

      if wind - erosion of top part.

Flood Plains

    h20, high organic, dee= p, best areas.

Summary

    can farm anywhere if:<= o:p>

        = add h20 - cost

         add fertilizer - cost

         mechanical manipulation - cost

     best for low cos= t and permanent =3D flood plains.        =             &nb= sp;

global warming effects? -

Env. Science 62:lecture 17- Mineral supplies

I. Non-renewab= le resource

       - Cy= cle of Use

         cycle of production - recycling.

II Supply=

      - geologic processes of accumulation

      - distribu= tion

      - amount of undiscovered minerals - definitions of categories

III. History of Production

      - supply, = cost, energy costs, production

IV. Reservoirs= - oceans and granite?

V. Past Predic= tions vs actuality

      shortages =

        substitutes, recycling,

VI Internation= al Politics

VII Pollution - Mining Act of 1866

        = h20 pollution

        =       land destruction =

=

Env. Science 62:lecture 20- Energy - traditional sources; oil

        =             &nb= sp;            =     Cunningham chapt; 3,21,22

I. Major sourc= es of energy;

        historical perspective: three views

        uses of energy

        US vs world

        energy vs GNP; UDC vs DC

    Supply:

       amou= nt available of energy sources

        predictions of future energy sources

II. Petroleum<= o:p>

       orig= in:

       uses, supply

       conf= idence in reserve numbers; value of Alaska

        =    location of undiscovered petroleum

        =    dependence on foreign supplies.

III. Cycle of = use:

        petroleum situation.

        =    cost vs supply, demand

        =    OPEC

IV. Substitutes for liquid fuel

        =    Jets, lawn mowers, plastics

V.   Alternative Sources of Petro= leum

        = Oil Shale

        =        location, supply, land use, water use. Cost.

        =    Coal

VI. Pollution:

        =    land - drilling no, spills

        = water - necessity of over ocean transport

        =     air - sulphur, unburned hydrocarbon, C02

        = global warming - limit CO2 emissions.

VII. Natural G= as;

        =    supply

        =    storage and transport difficulties.

        =    pollution; less hydrocarbon, more CO2

=

Env. Science 62:lecture 21- Energy II. Coal, nuclear.

I. Coal

    A) formation

        =    - distribution   <= o:p>

        =    - types

        =    - uses - heating, energy production

    B) Pollution:

         Land: mining, deep and surface (hills vs flatland)=

         air : sulphur content, CO2, hydrocarbons- particulates

         water: mine runoff.

        =

    C) Economics;

         plentiful, cheap (if no pollution control),

         known technology,

         transportable to site of use - problem of loss of        =             &nb= sp; electricity when transported

II. Nuclear

    A) Types of power=

         Fission

        =     supply of fuel

         Breeder reactors -

        =     byproduct of plutonium

         Fusion

        =     can't do it.

    B) History in U.S.

         1- solution to electrical generation needs

        = - increase in costs due to safety concerns

        = - spent fuel?

        = - siting and transport of electricity

    C) Pollution

         water - heat

         land - mining

         air   - radioactiv= ity?

    D) Issue of Risk Asses= sment

     Issue of Economics.   <= /span>

Env. Science 62:lecture 22- Energy III. Renewable sources

New or Renewab= le sources

Hydropower:

     method - dams

     uses - electrici= ty

     history -

     location - where= are the big rivers? Amazon, etc.?

     pollution; fish, rivers, flooding low areas.

Exotics:<= /o:p>

     Tidal Power, Oce= an Thermal gradients, biomass- burn garbage.

Geothermal:

     method - drill -= h20 injection - rock conductivity?

     uses - electrici= ty

     location - seism= ic areas vs anywhere

     pollution; heat,=

     value in limited areas.

Wind:

     method - windmil= l

     uses - electrici= ty

     location - windy= area near use site

     pollution - visu= al, birds

     value in limited areas.

Solar:

     method - reflect= ors vs photoelectric cells

     uses - electrici= ty

     location - windy= area near use site

     pollution - visu= al,

     value ?

Hard vs Soft approaches to energy sufficiency.

     1. decentralizat= ion - solar home heating

        =     costs - tax cituation

     2. go for effici= ency =3D lower demand

        =     heating data

        =     cars and gasoline



California: so= lar and wind

        =     deregulation of energy suppliers

         Historical Overview

   1960 - increase in use - pol= lution

        - go to nuclear

   1970 - go to coal, oil, sure things

   1980 - promote efficiency, conservation

   future? - efficiency

        - individual solar; etc. needs subsidy

        - no development of large alternative until guaranteed        =

     pricing.

        global warming- return to 1990 levels?more

=

=

=

=

=

Env. Science 62:lecture 23- Pollution; Introduction

1. Definitions= of Pollution

       wast= e vs pollution; value judgement

2. How polluti= on developed

     - growth =3D concentration; burning, feed lots

     - discovery =3D = DDT, CFC's

     - accidents =3D = worst conditions

        =    concept of worst conditions - can they be avoided.=

3. the 11 ways= to control pollution (with examples)

        in order of long-term utility (worst to best)

     environmental treatment

         of the three reservoirs of pollution (ha)

     desensitization<= o:p>

     diversion

     detention

     dilution

     dispersion<= /o:p>

     elimination=

     process change

     product modifica= tion

     waste treatment<= o:p>

     recovery and reu= se.

        effect on amount of waste

        cost considerations

Env. Science 62:lecture 24- Water: resource and law

I. Water Suppl= y

     a - Water Cycle - linkages.

     b - water locati= on -

     c - surface supp= ly - location, method of storage if any.

        =       west vs east

     d - ground water=

        =         use - western U.S.

        =         overuse - Oglalla aquifer

        =             &nb= sp;     western U.S.

        =              return from irrigation. - salinity problems.

        =         Problems of overuse

        =             &nb= sp; subsidence; saline intrusion.

        =             &nb= sp; surface water - Gila River

        =         cost of pumping - San Quintin, Cabo, Owens Valley.=

        =



II. Water Law<= o:p>

     a) Riparian Righ= ts =3D east coast, European model

     b) Priority of U= se =3D western U.S.

        =      why =3D supply inadequate

        =      when =3D too late - first come-first serve

        =             NOTE: all alloted to human use. No setaside for        =                  =    environment

        =      how =3D beneficial use=

        =             use it or loose it.

        =      separation of water from land.

        =

     c) interjurisdic= tional agreements =3D Colorado River.

     d) Fisheries rig= hts - California     =         =

     e. California - = Water plan.

        = Owens Valley - buy land with water rights

        = Colo River   - use unused allotments

        = North        - problem with delta and fish.

        = Federal vs State water.

     f) Ground water?= ?? - rights go with land. =3D overuse.

Env. Science 62:lecture 25- Water: pollution

I. Water Quali= ty - Fresh water

    poor in oxygen, unless stream - stirring

      - Shallow = lake; Eutrophic

        = light, algae, wind stirring, high growth - cloudy,muddy.<= /span>

      - deep lak= e: oligotrophic,

        = T stratification, nutrient poor - clear, annual cycle.

      streams - Oxygen, nutrient poor unless flood, leaves.

      big rivers= - high nutrient, erosion. mud.

II. Water Poll= ution - Sewage.

   a) effect of sewage on a riv= er.

         Biological Oxygen Demand -

   b) sewage treatment

         history - none -cell pool - filter bed - sewage plant

         Primary, secondary, tertiary

   c) Clean Water Act.

         continuing problems -

        =     rural areas- Malibu

        =     non-point sources

        =     storm runoff

        =     toxics

        =     accidents.

III. Drinking = Water Treatment

       hist= oric devt

       meth= ods -

       what= is water purity?

Env. Science 62:lecture 26- Water: oceans

1. Water characteristics=

        good oxygen, salts;can be nutrient poor.

        =           rain of death - upwellings - along coasts.

        =           recent Iron enrichment of ocean.

        el nino -

2. Pollution

     temp.=

     plastics- etc.

     Oil - amounts

       international convention

      sewage and oceans -

       Sout= hern California - water mixing

       alga= e, urchins, fish, etc.

Env. Science 62:lecture 27- Global Atmosphere

1. Introductio= n:

      Our abilit= y to affect atmosphere - long term

      importance= - agriculture, sea level, etc.

2. Composition= of Air

       composition

       orig= ins, Oxygen, Co2

       vert= ical temp, O2 profiles.

3. Ozone<= /o:p>

    formation - UV light a= t high altitudes

        =         Antarctic hole and chloroflurocarbons.

    health - international actions.

4. Global Warm= ing

      Greenhouse effect, greenhouse gasses.

      CO2 levels=

      modeling t= he world

      proposed solutions. types.

5. Nuclear Win= ter

6. SST and Spa= ce Shuttle.

Env. Science 62:lecture 28- Low elevation air pollution

=

I Sources a= nd sinks.

   sources grey=3D coal, brown=3D oil ; new v= s old cities,

   sinks =3D rain and dispersio= n

=

II. Inversi= ons

    =

III. Grey C= ities

     world distributi= on

     Problems - particulates

        =         SO2 - acid rain

        =         seasonal effects, soil types

     Control - stack = height

        =        clean air act - pollution control

        =             effectiveness

        =        potash lakes

=

IV. Brown Cities=

      developmen= t and recognition of problem

      CO, then N= O then photochemical

      basin air movements, and inversions

=

      health - w= hat are the standards

=

      Approaches=

         stationary sources

         transportation - fuel efficiency

         AQMD

         technological solutions vs life style changes.=

        =    voluntary vs forced.

=

V. World situation.

        =

=

Env. Science 62:lecture 29- Solid Waste

1. Sources: se= e two charts.

      Claremont vs U.S. vs world

      collected = vs uncollected.

2. Disposal:

     dump -         unsightly

     animal food    virus

     burn        =    air pollution, plastics

     landfill       water pollution, design

     incinerate     dioxan, etc.

     ocean.         pollution

         U.S. vs World. plastic= bags.

3. Los Angeles, California - AB 939

        = reduction of waste stream

      recycling:=

        =    methods - comingled, separated,

        =    economics -

      source reduction:

        =    composting,

        =

4. Municipal c= harges ;

         illegal dumping.

        =

5. Other ideas: trash train,

        =         trash boat

        =         ship to Honduras

6.Toxics - bat= teries.

7. New ideas

        disposal surcharge to price.

        packaging surcharge.

Env. Science 62:lecture 30- Land Use Planning

1. rural to ur= ban - the need for planning

      - building= codes

      - zoning ordinances

      - planned communities

        =       Mormon Cities, city and satellites

        =       green belts.

        =       Levitown, Reston, Leisure world,

        =             &nb= sp; Irvine, Newhall Land

        =             &nb= sp; Russian Siberia towns

        =               Cult= ural styles, spanish - mall and church

        =             &nb= sp;            =       New England town common.

2. Assumptions= to planning:

        =      size

        =      transport

        =      role of nature.

3. The model o= f land use planning. Ian McHarg: Design with Nature

     Methodology - inventory, map everything.

    Assumptions -= flood areas, agricultural lands, slopes,

        =             self contained.

     Application - Appalachians - Pittsburgh

        =             &nb= sp;             Los Angeles Basin.

        = How to get there from here:

        =             &nb= sp; zoning - limiting growth.

        =             &nb= sp; transport -

        =             &nb= sp; land taxation.Agricultural reserve act.

4. Other model= s of planning

         BLM Land use plans

         City of Claremont. -

        =        Hillsides vs coastal sage

        =        Field Station vs commercial property

Env. Scienc= e 62; Lecture 31- Issues of Human Psychology

=

A collectio= n of issues about how the human mind works that must be taken into account in dealing with environmental issues.

1. Sensory Accomodation

2. Attitudes t= owards organisms, landscapes

      what is desirable - to whom?

3. Counterintu= itive systems

         fire, flood

4. Human Chari= ty - altruism

      how far do= es it extend - vs self interest

5. Relationshi= p to the environment shapes behavior

     attitudes not th= e same as behavior



     the ability to a= void unsettling thoughts.

     frontier - urban=

        = willingness to accept rules

     view of control = of your situation.



6. How the bra= in works

       numb= ers - what size of community work= s?

       long= term planning

7. Risk Assess= ment

Env. Science 62:lecture 33- Governmental Issues

Issues of Govermental structure and policies that influence environmental issues.

1. Jurisdictio= nal Boundaries

         sovereignty

2. Ownership; =

      can someth= ing be owned

      if so; pro= perty rights

3. Level of Co= ntrol: local vs federal

4. Single Purp= ose Planning

5. Incremental change- the bureaucratic mind

6. time scale: planning, action, policy,

7. Design to e= xploit

8. Public trus= t: who has the burden of proof - do good or do bad.

9. Vulnerabili= ty to special interests;

        vocal minority vs silent majority

10. The transi= ent state: how governments deal with overuse.

         separate facilities- who looses.



11. How govern= ments regulate.

        =           sue

        =      prohibit

      moral purs= uasion

        =    regulations: method, drawbacks, why used.

        =      subsidys :

       pric= ing systems:

        =

       E= nv. Science 62:lecture 32- Economic Issues

Importance of economics to various = issues

        =      SST, small cars, pesticides vs biological control<= /p>
        =      air pollution standards

Aspects

1. Pays to overexploit resources - previously mentioned

2. Commons - t= ragedy of;

        overuse of common property

        how to solve: law or ownership



3. growth rate= ; it isn't the rate that's the problem but change in        =             rate.

4. externaliti= es:

       exte= rnal and internal costs of production.

       how = to internalize externalities: fees, etc.

       prod= uct life histories: plastic vs paper.

5. Cost Benefit Analysis

     assumptions:

     how the system w= orks

     actual vs calcul= ated costs

     applications.: p= alm springs whitewater dam

        =             personal calculation :car driving in L.A.

5. World bank.=

6. Foreign deb= t vs nature preserves.